Throughout the Second World War, Switzerland upheld its neutrality. Amid the unfolding conflict, the nation meticulously readied itself against the looming threat of invasion, particularly from the German scheme dubbed Operation Tannenbaum. Despite these preparations, one question persists: What ultimately guided the Germans to abandon the invasion?
History of Swiss neutrality
Switzerland’s decision to maintain neutrality during World War II wasn’t a novel stance. The origins of the country’s commitment to neutrality can be traced back to the 16th century and the Battle of Marignano. Following the Swiss Army’s defeat to the French in September 1515, a strategic choice was made to steer clear of future conflicts, emphasizing self-preservation.
Despite this historical commitment to neutrality, Switzerland faced challenges to its stance over the centuries, primarily due to the actions of other nations.
Formally declaring neutrality during the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Switzerland adhered to this principle during World War I by abstaining from direct military involvement. However, the nation did provide refuge to refugees and mobilized its forces. Internal tensions among the French-, Italian-, and German-speaking populations also surfaced.
Post-WWI, the League of Nations, formed by the victors, acknowledged and respected Switzerland’s neutrality, establishing its headquarters in Geneva.
A promise from Germany, to Switzerland
During his rapid ascension to power, the Führer promised Switzerland that he would respect the country’s neutrality. In February 1937, he even told Swiss Federal Councilor Edmund Schulthess that Germany would not invade the European nation. Of course, the Führer wasn’t someone whose word could be taken at face value. During the conflict, Germany rapidly occupied a number of nearby countries, including Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Norway and Belgium.
Knowing Germany’s reputation, Switzerland did take the time to mobilize its Armed Forces, which, at its peak, was made up of 850,000 soldiers. This relatively large force was placed under the command of Henri Guisan, a life-long soldier and one of the most experienced men in the Swiss Armed Forces.
Guisan helped put in place the National Redoubt defensive plan, which would have seen the deployment of three mountain brigades and eight infantry divisions, who trained for a potential invasion by mimicking the battles occurring in Europe at the time. If an invasion occurred, the Swiss government would retreat to the Alps, with the aim being to preserve some of country’s territory and political power.
The planning of Operation Tannenbaum
Despite the Führer making assurances to Switzerland, Switzerland steadfastly adhered to its commitment to complete neutrality. This defiance angered the German government, leading to plans for a potential invasion.
The Führer, with disdain, conveyed to Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, “Switzerland possesses the most disgusting and miserable people and political system. The Swiss are the mortal enemies of the new Germany.”
The plan was given the codename Operation Tannenbaum. Under it, a portion of the Wehrmacht, stationed in Central France with two million soldiers, was to move toward Switzerland. Italian involvement was also part of the strategy. While the German forces aimed at seizing control of Geneva and Lucerne, the Italian Army would invade the Alps, with both countries dividing Switzerland between them.
Given the substantial military strength involved, Italy and Germany could easily occupy Switzerland. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Operation Tannenbaum was never implemented.
Why didn’t the Germans move forward with Operation Tannenbaum?
Germany ultimately met defeat in the Second World War, and the death of the Führer extinguished any opportunity to glean insights into the shelving of Operation Tannenbaum. As such, historians have been compelled to rely on theories to illuminate this decision.
The first theory proposes that, despite Switzerland’s comparatively smaller military, the nation was determined to put up a tough defense. Furthermore, investments in weaponry equipped the country with one of the most advanced arsenals of the time. The country’s geographical features, marked by landlocked borders and the absence of navigable waterways, coupled with its rugged mountainous terrain – favorable for skiing, but challenging for military maneuverability – diminished the allure of occupation.
The second theory suggests that Germany benefited from Switzerland’s neutral position. This afforded opportunities, such as using the country to launder stolen gold. Additionally, Swiss authorities provided a refuge for German officials in case the war took a turn for the worse.
Switzerland remains neutral to this day
Against all odds, Switzerland was able to remain neutral for the entirety of the Second World War. Since then, the country has largely kept out of other major conflicts, with the one exception being the War in Afghanistan. This was the first time the Swiss had taken part in a battle since 1815. During the War in Iraq, officials gave the American forces permission to use Swiss airspace to conduct surveillance missions.
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President Ignazio Cassis explained Switzerland’s stance in 2022, saying the country’s principles include “no participation in wars; international cooperation but no membership in any military alliance; no provision of troops or weapons to warring parties and no granting of transition rights.”