In the end stages of World War II, both the Allied and Axis forces developed more complex strategies to bring the conflict to a close. For instance, the Americans prepared Operation Downfall, an ambitious assault on the Japanese mainland. In response, the enemy utilized creative defenses, including kamikaze frogmen and manned torpedoes.
Operation Downfall
Operation Downfall was the American plan to invade and conquer Japan. It was set to unfold in two phases: Operations Olympic and Coronet. If executed, it would have been a larger amphibious invasion than D-Day.
The operation was scheduled to begin in November 1945, following the end of the war in Europe. The first phase, Olympic, would begin with a massive amphibious assault on the Japanese island of Kyūshū, which would then serve as a staging ground for future troops during Coronet. This second phase, planned for around March 1946, would target Tokyo Bay with an even larger force.
However, the planned invasion was never carried out, as Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This spared both sides the catastrophic casualties that such an invasion would have entailed.
Training kamikaze frogmen
Anticipating an Allied invasion, the Japanese devised the Fukuryu tactic to counter it. Translated as “crouching dragon,” this approach involved kamikaze frogmen launching surprise attacks on enemy ships from beneath the surface.
Captain Kiichi Shintani of the Yokosuka Naval Base Anti-Submarine School in Japan first proposed this concept in 1944. Confronted with a shortage of personnel and resources that rendered conventional defenses ineffective, he modified previously successful tactics from battles such as Peleliu.
These operatives would conceal themselves underwater at strategic locations along Japan’s coast, executing covert explosive attacks under the cover of night to ambush enemy forces. This tactic reduced their visibility and lessened the likelihood of detection and counterattack.
Fukuryu attacks
These kamikaze frogmen would emerge from their underwater hideouts in diving suits, armed with 16-foot bamboo spears fitted with Type-5 attack mines. Each contained 33 pounds of explosives and was designed to detonate when pushed against the hull of an overhead ship.
Multiple explosives were placed around these underwater hideouts for easy access by the frogmen. Due to the mission’s nature, those trained for this task weren’t expected to survive, if they were successful. They faced not only a one-way journey, but also endless, lonely hours awaiting the enemy’s arrival.
Training the kamikaze frogmen
Nevertheless, extensive preparations were undertaken to train 6,000 kamikaze frogmen for this role, which required a large amount of specialized equipment. Each frogman would be equipped with a diving suit, comprising a jacket, pants, shoes, and helmet, along with provisions of oxygen and liquid sustenance to endure approximately 10 hours submerged. Furthermore, they would be laden with 20 pounds of lead at depths ranging from 16 to 23 feet.
In addition to outfitting each operative, there was also the need to establish subterranean hideaways where they could patiently wait for approaching enemy vessels. The chosen solution involved constructing large concrete structures above ground, to later be submerged to their designated positions, though this plan was never executed. An alternative proposal considered underwater steel foxholes, but this concept was swiftly discarded due to its potential interference with nearby explosives.
Despite the clear meticulous planning by the Japanese to deploy their kamikaze frogmen, they ultimately stayed unused.
A failed initiative
The 71st Arashi were trained at Yokosuka, while the 81st Arashi would undergo training at Kure. Another unit was in the works at Sasebo. However, there were only two battalions fully trained by the time the Japanese surrendered, both with the 71st. The total equaled about 1,200 of the proposed 6,000 frogmen.
Training wasn’t the only thing falling behind, as production also proved difficult. Only 1,000 diving suits were ready at the time of surrender, and none of the real mines were constructed, only dummy ones.
Even though the Fukuryu were never used in combat, many still died during the training. Most of these fatalities were caused by issues with the breathing apparatuses in the diving suits. They were rudimentary, so each diver had to inhale through their nose and out through their mouth into a tank, which would turn the carbon monoxide back into oxygen.
If they mixed the two up, they’d inhale caustic lye and faint while underwater. If any seawater got into the tanks, a mixture was created that, when inhaled, would burn the lungs.
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Other divers died when they got tangled in plant life on the ocean floor and were unable to free themselves. Ultimately, no enemy combatants were ever killed in Fukuryu attacks, yet so many trainees were that “they couldn’t keep up with cremation.”
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