The various Special Forces units active during the Second World War had a huge influence on the development of elite military groups in the post-war era. The First Special Service Force (1SSF), famously known as the “Devil’s Brigade,” played a particularly crucial role in this development, especially during its missions in the European Theater from 1942 to 1944.
This joint Canadian-American force had a profound impact on the formation of commando units in both countries, including the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR), Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM), and the 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) within the US Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). These units all trace their origins back to the First Special Service Force.
Although it operated for only about two years, this early Special Forces group left a lasting impact on the course of the war.
Project Plough and the formation of the First Special Service Force
Geoffrey Pyke from the British Combined Operations Command is credited with the creation of the First Special Service Force. He aimed to assemble a handpicked, elite unit capable of operating in winter conditions and behind enemy lines in Norway, Romania, and the Italian Alps. In March 1942 he proposed Project Plough, with the intention of establishing a commando base on a glacial plateau in Norway.
Pyke’s idea was met with enthusiasm, but given the heavy strain on the resources of the Combined Operations Headquarters, officials presented the proposal to the United States. Gen. George Marshall, Chief of Staff of the US Army, eagerly accepted the offer.
For the project, the US government sought the development of a special vehicle—a tank equipped with spiked treads—allowing the specialized unit to move swiftly through snowy areas. This led to the creation of the M29 Weasel, a tracked vehicle capable of maneuvering across various terrains such as snow, desert, and mud, and towing loads where conventional wheeled vehicles struggled.
A new commanding officer
Despite the Americans accepting responsibility for Project Plough, there was one person who was unhappy about the idea: Maj. Robert T. Frederick of the Operations Division of the US General Staff. He thought the proposed unit wouldn’t do enough damage to warrant its use on the frontlines. He was also concerned that:
- The US Army had established unrealistic objectives for the size of the force.
- A small force would be easily outnumbered.
- There was no way to get the troops out once their mission was complete; all equipment would have to be abandoned.
- There weren’t enough aircraft available to drop the men into Norway.
- Aircraft would constantly need to drop supplies for the men.
Despite his objections, Frederick’s superiors were unwilling to deviate from the original plan, and, instead, put him in charge of raising and commanding the force, now with the rank of colonel. He wasn’t the first to take control of Project Plough. Lt. Col. Howard R. Johnson had been removed from the position after arguing with his superiors over the unit’s feasibility.
Recruiting Canadian and the American soldiers
Robert Frederick quickly took charge. By July 1942, he’d cut Geoffrey Pyke out of the planning for Project Plough and was completing the necessary recruitment for what became the First Special Service Force.
While famously a Canadian-American endeavor, Norwegian commandos were initially supposed to be included, as Norway was among the nations deemed best suited to clandestine winter warfare. However, there was considered to be a lack of suitable Norwegian soldiers, so, instead, the Canadians were put as second in command, while providing half the officers and a third of enlisted men.
Recruits thought they were joining a parachute unit
Recruits from both countries thought they were joining a parachute unit and were carefully selected. Tom Gilday, the Canadian Army’s only ski instructor at the time, was appointed as one of the battalion commanders and told to recruit volunteers. He selected “trappers and hunters, bushmen, farmers’ sons, all good individual outdoor types who would know their way around in the woods and in the country and in all kinds of weather conditions.”
The Americans posted recruitment letters, looking for “single men, aged 21–35 with three or more years of grammar school. Occupations preferred: rangers, lumberjacks, northwoodsmen, hunters, prospectors, explorers and game wardens.” Camps in the west were also scouted for possible recruits.
Volunteers underwent intensive training
The First Special Service Force had a demanding training period in Helena, Montana, due to the short time frame for deployment. Volunteers started parachuting just 48 hours after beginning their training. They became skilled in weaponry, demolition, small unit tactics, and went through intense physical conditioning. The program also focused on problem-solving, rock climbing, skiing, training with the M29 Weasel, and adapting to cold climates.
Training also heavily focused on combat and physicality.
The men routinely completed 97-kilometer marches, learned how to use enemy weapons, practiced hand-to-hand combat, trained in amphibious warfare, and received advanced ski instruction from Norwegian trainers until they could ski in formation as proficiently as the Norwegian Army.
By the time the 1SSF set out on its first mission, every member was a qualified parachutist and were said to be able to outperform the top US Marine Corps units in their drills.
The First Special Service Force arrives in Italy
The First Special Service Force engaged in four operations during the Second World War, totaling 22 battles, all of which they emerged victorious from. Initially deployed to aid in the invasion of Kiska, as part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign, they discovered upon arrival that the Japanese had already vacated the area, prompting their return to the US.
In the same year, despite being trained for the task, the decision was made not to deploy the 1SSF to Norway. Instead, the unit was sent to Italy in October 1943, joining the US Fifth Army. The men arrived on November 19, 1943 and integrated into the US 36th Infantry Division. They were tasked with taking the German positions at Monte La Difensa and Monte La Remetanea, controlled by the 104th Panzergrenadier Regiment, as no one else had been able to do so.
Between December 3-6, the 1SSF successfully captured Monte La Difensa, followed by the seizure of Monte La Remetanea between December 6-9. By early January 1944, they had secured Monte Sambúcaro and Monte Vischiataro, solidifying their reputation as an elite force. However, these victories came at a heavy cost, with a staggering 77 percent casualty rate endured by the unit.
Fighting along the Anzio beachhead
The First Special Service Force stayed in Italy for their initial major offensive, arriving at the Anzio beachhead on February 1, 1944, to replace the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, which had endured heavy casualties during the Battle of Cisterna. The unit’s members were tasked with holding the position and conducting raids when possible, a task at which they excelled.
The Germans struggled to engage the 1SSF and even withdrew their units in the Mussolini Canal sector due to the force’s aggressive patrols. The relentless night raids compelled the enemy to fortify their positions more than anticipated, with unit members sometimes penetrating up to 1,500 feet behind the German lines.
“The worst is yet to come”
The 1SSF made even more of a name for themselves during this time period, particularly among the Germans. They acted as though they were a much larger force than they actually were, a strategic maneuver ordered by Robert Frederick.
The “Black Devils,” as they were called by the enemy, carried stickers with their unit patch and the slogan – “the worst is yet to come” – written in German. They stuck these on the bodies of those they killed, as well as on German fortifications. The 1SSF’s reputation was so fierce that, prior to engaging with the group, the German soldiers were informed they would be “fighting an elite Canadian-American Force. They are treacherous, unmerciful and clever. You cannot afford to relax.”
At Anzio, the 1SSF fought for 99 days before being relieved, only to move on to Monte Arrestino and Rocca Massima. At the beginning of June 1944, they were one of the first Allied units to enter Rome.
Disbandment of the First Special Service Force
The final fight of the First Special Service Force was in France as part of Operation Dragoon. At the beginning of August 1944, the unit captured five fortifications on the island of Port-Cros, after which they were attached to the 1st Airborne Task Force, US Seventh Army to defend the border between France and Italy.
On December 5, 1944, the 1SSF was disbanded in Villeneuve-Loubet, France. The unit consisted of approximately 1,800 men, and was credited with roughly 12,000 German casualties and the capture of around 7,000 enemy prisoners. It also had an attrition rate of over 600 percent. Many of the men, including Canadian Tommy Prince, were honored for their service.
The legacy of the 1SSF
After the 1SSF came to an end, the group’s members were redistributed. The Canadians were moved back to their national units (primarily the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion), while the Americans were split between airborne divisions and the newly-formed 474th Infantry Regiment.
More from us: M1941 Johnson Light Machine Gun: A Favored Weapon of the Devil’s Brigade
Following the war, the lessons learned from the unit were applied to American and Canadian Special Forces, including the US Navy SEALS and US Army’s Green Berets. Each year on December 5, the 1SSF is remembered by Special Forces units in both the US and Canada, who perform a pass in review, a parachute jump and hold a formal ball.