Throughout the Second World War, a vast number of prisoners of war (POWs) were taken by both sides, with the totals reaching into the hundreds of thousands. While the Geneva Convention mandated specific standards of care, the camps established within Allied-occupied Germany employed a deliberate classification to circumvent these obligations.
Referred to as the Rheinwiesenlager and officially known as Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosures (PWTE), they remain seldom discussed.
Allied success in Europe following the D-Day landings
After the remarkable success of the D-Day landings, the Allies rapidly advanced through occupied territories and into Germany. As some enemy soldiers continued to resist, many others chose to surrender, placing the responsibility for their welfare squarely on the shoulders of the Allied forces.
In the beginning, these prisoners were divided between the British and Americans. However, this arrangement shifted in early 1945, when the former refused to accept more individuals into their existing camps. Consequently, the Americans bore the weighty burden – a formidable challenge, given the number of German POWs steadily swelled the further the Allies penetrated into the heart of Germany.
To address this escalating demand, the US Army devised a solution: establishing the Rheinwiesenlager, a network of camps scattered throughout Allied-occupied Germany. While they were initially set up in April 1945, their significance grew even more following Germany’s surrender, as these camps served as a means to forestall a potential uprising against the Allies.
Layout of the Rheinwiesenlager
The Rheinwiesenlager were built on Allied-controlled land in West Germany. They were developed on farmland near railways by enclosing the designated space with barbed wire. The plots of land were then divided into smaller camps, which held anywhere from 5,000-10,000 people each – at least, that was their intended occupancy. Many of the camps saw occupancy levels surpass 100,000 prisoners, with estimates placing the overall total between one and 1.9 million.
Those held at the Rheinwiesenlager were generally unexceptional members of the Wehrmacht, while German officers, members of the SS and others interest were taken elsewhere.
Much of the internal organization of the camps was passed to the prisoners themselves, forcing them to manage their own work, medical care and cooking. Oftentimes, the guards who watched over the enclosures were themselves prisoners, bribed with more resources than their peers, so they’d ensure others remained within the barbed wire fences.
Within the compounds were buildings used predominantly as kitchens, medical facilities and for administrative purposes. What they weren’t used for was housing the prisoners. Instead of having accommodations, most were forced to dig holes in the ground.
Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs)
If sleeping in outdoor holes wasn’t indication enough, these prisoners were treated very poorly by their captors. Much of this was facilitated by their categorization – not as POWs, but as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs).
Before the Rheinwiesenlager opened, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower established the new classification, as it meant DEFs wouldn’t have the same rights granted to POWs under the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929), as they were members of state that no longer existed. This allowed many things to happen.
It meant the Americans could “legally” prevent the Red Cross from visiting and stop the organization from sending supplies. The Geneva Convention was designed to prevent the poor treatment of POWs. Without such protections, the DEFs were mistreated with little to no consequences suffered by their captors.
All this has led many to now view the inhumane actions of Eisenhower and those operating the Rheinwiesenlager as purposeful.
Rheinwiesenlager conditions
Overall, the conditions in the Rheinwiesenlager were horrific.
Historian Stephen Ambrose investigated many claims made about the camps, and concluded, “Men were beaten, denied water, forced to live in open camps without shelter, given inadequate food rations and inadequate medical care. Their mail was withheld. In some cases prisoners made a ‘soup’ of water and grass in order to deal with their hunger.”
Begging for more food wasn’t an option either, as those prisoners were often shot as “escapees,” should they have gotten near the barbed wire fences. Reports also claim locals would be shot if they tried to provide aid to the POWs.
Legacy of the Rheinwiesenlager
Given the living conditions of the Disarmed Enemy Forces, it’s no wonder the death toll was high. However, because they weren’t officially known as prisoners of war, few records were kept. Instead, many Germans would simply go missing from roll call, never to be seen again.
Due to the lack of records, death estimates vary, depending on who you ask. The official statistics from the US Army state that around 3,000 people died while in the Rheinwiesenlager. German estimates, however, provide a figure of 4,537.
James Bacque, the author of Other Losses: An Investigation Into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners at the Hands of the French and Americans After World War II, alleges the number is between 100,000 and one million. However, his claims have been discredited by his peers.
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Regardless of the overall death toll, the treatment of DEFs has been heavily criticized, despite it going largely unnoticed in more recent years. Many have pointed out that the Americans violated a host of international laws on the treatment of prisoners, even though they weren’t classified as POWs, particularly in their feeding – or lack thereof.
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