When Operation Barbarossa started, the German forces faced unexpected hurdles that they weren’t adequately prepared for. While many historians focus on the influence of the weather, they tend to miss the Red Army’s advanced weaponry. Their arms were superior to those of the Wehrmacht, which led the Germans to create the Gewehr 43, a semi-automatic rifle that outperformed the earlier models, the G41(M) and G41(W).
The G41(M) and G41(W) had their faults
The Gewehr 43 was developed to replace the G41(M) and G41(W). The battle rifles, manufactured by Mauser and Walther Arms, had entered service with the Wehrmacht in 1941, and while they were equipped until the end of the Second World War, both had issues. This was primarily due to the requirement that gas ports not be drilled into their barrels, which led to them becoming near impossible to effectively use on the battlefield.
The G41(M) was known for being overly complex, clunky and heavy. As well, it was difficult for operators to achieve an accurate shot, as their sights were mounted on the gas tube at the front of the barrel, which would become unaligned after prolonged use. Over 6,600 were produced over the course of World War II. Of those, 1,673 had to be returned due to their shortcomings.
While the G41(W) faired a bit better, it still had a number of issues. Not only was it unreliable in combat, reloading proved to be incredibly difficult, due to its fixed magazine, which was fed by two clips. On top of that, both it and the G41(M) suffered muzzle corrosion due to the use of corrosive salts in the ammunition primer.
There were also difficulties with assembling and cleaning the rifles on the battlefield, due to their tight-fitting parts.
Developing the Gewehr 43
The issues with the G41(M) and G41(W) weren’t the only reason the Germans developed the Gewehr 43. When they launched Operation Barbarossa – the invasion of the Soviet Union – in 1941, they were surprised by the firearms being wielded by the Red Army. Little did officials know that, prior to the invasion, the Soviets had re-armed their infantrymen with newer, more powerful weaponry, including the SVT-40.
The SVT-40 was a semi-automatic rifle that used a simplistic gas mechanism powered by a port cut into the barrel. Additionally, it replaced standard stripped reloads with a more modern box magazine. As such, it was far superior to the battle rifles manned by the Wehrmacht.
The name Gewehr was not technically accurate
This led Walther Arms to develop the G43, which blended elements of the G41(W) with a similar gas system to the Soviet rifle. It was lighter, more sturdy, tougher and easier to manufacture than its predecessors, which allowed for the production of 402,713 units over the course of WWII.
Along with Walter, the G43 was manufactured by Wilhelm Gustloff-Werke and Berlin-Lübecker Maschinenfabrik. Production of certain parts were also done via forced labor at Buchenwald and Neuengamme concentration camps.
Not long after the G43 hit the battlefield, in April 1944, its name was changed to the Karabiner 43. This was because the term Gewehr, which means “long rifle,” didn’t technically apply, as its barrel was two centimeters shorter than the standard-issue Karabiner 98k.
Gewehr 43 specs
The Gewehr 43 was a sturdy and rugged semi-automatic rifle, made relatively cheaply. It weighed 9.7 pounds and was 43.8 inches long, with the barrel making up just under half of that length at 21.5 inches. The standard-issue versions featured an iron sight, with hooded pointed-post-type front sight and a tangent-type rear one. Around 55,335 sniper versions of the G43 were produced, and these featured the Zf42 scope.
As with a number of German-produced and -issued firearms, the G43 fired the 7.92 x 57 mm Mauser cartridge. It could either be fed through five-round stripper clips, which could be reloaded without removing the magazine, or a 10-round stamped-steel, detachable box magazine. While on the field, soldiers typically carried a G43 pouch with two spare magazines and one stripper clip pouch.
The G43 fired with a muzzle velocity of between 746-776 m/s, with a rate of fire of 30 rounds per minute. The standard version could fire 500 meters, while those equipped with the sniper scope could be effective at 800 meters.
When the name was changed from G43 to the Karabiner 43, an unknown amount of rifles were altered to fire the 7.92 x 33 mm Kurz cartridge and equip magazines used by the StG44 assault rifle.
Disorganized use during the Second World War
When the Wehrmacht began using the Gewehr 43 in October 1943, the plan was to equip each infantry company with 19 rifles, 10 of which would have the Zf42 sniper sight. However, this plan was not fully implemented due to the condition of the German Army at the time. As the Allies advanced successfully across Europe, the rifle’s distribution was not adequately completed.
Nevertheless, the G43 was regularly used by German special units, who appreciated its self-loading abilities, durability, and overall power. Its resilience was clear as it was even used as ladder rungs by the Gebirgsjäger during mountain climbing missions.
The Czech Army found the Gewehr 43’s sniper capabilities appealing
Following World War II, the Czechoslovak Army embraced the Gewehr 43 for its effectiveness as a sniper rifle. It was equipped by Czechoslovakia for an extended period before finding a place in East Germany, where both the Deutsche Volkspolizei and the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic adopted it.
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Beyond Czechoslovakia and East Germany, the G43 found use in Romania and during the First Indochina War, where French troops wielded the semi-automatic rifle. Guatemala also acquired a limited number from Czechoslovakia before the 1954 coup d’état, while Brazil produced its own variant, the M954 Mosquetão, that never gained widespread adoption.