These 33 Rarely-Seen Photos Give Us a Deeper Understanding of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

Photo Credit: PhotoQuest / Getty Images
Photo Credit: PhotoQuest / Getty Images

In the early hours of December 7, 1941, Japan launched a devastating attack on Pearl Harbor, driven by the goal of preventing the United States from impeding its military expansion into Southeast Asia. The plan aimed to comprehensively destroy the nation’s military aircraft, naval vessels and equipment.

Shortly before 8:00 AM, a multitude of fighter aircraft and bombers took to the skies, constituting the initial wave of the attack. Caught off guard, the American forces faced widespread devastation as aircraft and submarines relentlessly pounded naval base facilities. The result was a tragic loss of over 2,400 lives, with 2,335 being servicemen. More than 300 aircraft suffered damage, and the majority of stationed vessels endured either severe damage or complete destruction.

The following day, the US, previously maintaining a stance of neutrality, formally entered the Second World War. Below, you will find a compilation of rare photographs capturing moments before, during and after the attack.

Japanese bombs caused fuel tanks to rupture

US Navy personnel examining the damage caused to the USS Downes (DD-375) and Cassin (DD-372)
Photo Credit: Galerie Bilderwelt / Getty Images

It wasn’t just battleships that bore the brunt of the attack on Pearl Harbor. This photo illustrates the extensive damage inflicted upon the USS Downes (DD-375) and Cassin (DD-372), two destroyers that were undergoing maintenance in drydock at the base. A 550-pound bomb strike on Downes resulted in ruptured fuel tanks, setting off large fires on both vessels.

Downing Japanese aircraft

US Navy personnel standing among the remains of a downed Japanese bomber
Photo Credit: Universal History Archive / UIG / Getty Images

The wreckage of a Japanese bomber lies amid the aftermath at Pearl Harbor. Despite the element of surprise in the attack, the American forces stationed on Ford Island managed to mount a resilient defense against the enemy pilots and naval personnel.

Declaring war on Japan

Car driving past a crowd gathered outside of the White House
Photo Credit: Bettmann Archive / Getty Images

A gathering of people outside of the White House on December 8, 1941, the day following the Pearl Harbor attack. That afternoon, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a declaration of war against Japan, formally ushering the US into World War II.

Widespread and catastrophic damage

US Navy personnel looking at flames and smoke rising into the sky in the distance
Photo Credit: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Public Domain Photographs / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

US Navy personnel standing among the aircraft and equipment damaged during the attack. Smoke and flames can be seen in the distance, rising into the air from the battleships that were targeted by Japanese aircraft.

Civilians were caught in the crossfire

Civilians standing among debris along a street in Honolulu, Hawaii
Photo Credit: Bettmann Archive / Getty Images

Honolulu suffered damage during the attack, with residents seeking shelter from the bombs being dropped by the Japanese and by American anti-aircraft fire that fell on the city. This photo shows just some of the destruction. Sixty-eight civilians lost their lives in the bombardment, becoming innocent victims of the military action.

Extensive planning went into the attack on Pearl Harbor

Three Japanese military personnel standing in a model of Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: ullstein bild / Getty Images

To plan the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese military created a large-scale model of the American naval base. In this photo, you can see how extensive the mock-up is, including the battleships anchored off-shore.

The attack on Pearl Harbor was front page news

Front page of The New York Times following the attack on Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

Front page of The New York Times following the attack on Pearl Harbor, dated December 8, 1941. The headline reads, “JAPAN WARS ON U.S. AND BRITAIN; MAKES SUDDEN ATTACK ON HAWAII; HEAVY FIGHTING AT SEA REPORTED.”

Attacking from the air and sea

Japanese aircraft flying toward Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection / Library of Congress / PhotoQuest / Getty Images

This photo, taken by a Japanese pilot, shows aircraft flying toward Pearl Harbor. The bomber is loaded with explosives, which its pilot will drop on sea vessels and other aircraft throughout the course of the attack on the naval base.

A carefully planned salvage effort followed

Four US Navy personnel standing on the wreck of the USS Oklahoma (BB-37)
Photo Credit: General Correspondence / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

US Navy personnel working on the salvage effort of the USS Oklahoma (BB-39). It was later determined the battleship had suffered too much damaged to be repaired and she was sold for scrap following the removal of her armaments. In 2015, the Pentagon began the USS Oklahoma Project, dedicated to identifying the unknowns who’d lost their lives on the vessel. The program ended in 2021, on the 80th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Preparing to launch the attack on Pearl Harbor

Japanese pilots standing around a superior on the deck of an aircraft carrier
Photo Credit: Keystone / Getty Images

Japanese pilots receiving their instructions just prior to the start of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aboard an aircraft carrier, they subsequently took off in their aircraft and made their way to the American naval base.

Capture of Japanese vessels

Japanese submarine beached at Bellows Field
Photo Credit: Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Cases / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

Japanese submarine beached at Bellows Field. While the enemy forces concentrated their attack on the larger American airfields around Pearl Harbor, smaller ones also suffered damaged, albeit on a smaller scale. Six people were wounded and two were killed at Bellows Field.

Aircraft carriers were key to launching the attack on Pearl Harbor

Nakajima B5N2 and Japanese personnel standing on the deck of the aircraft carrier Shōkaku
Photo Credit: VCG Wilson / CORBIS / Getty Images

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) launched a number of Nakajima B5N2 torpedo bombers from the aircraft carrier Shōkaku during their attack on Pearl Harbor. Following the assault, the vessel participated in a number of naval battles in the Pacific Theater, and was ultimately sunk by the USS Cavalla (SS-244) during the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

Extensive damage was caused to the naval base

US Navy personnel standing next to a large bomb crater in the ground
Photo Credit: Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Cases / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

A number of bombs dropped by the Japanese during the attack on Pearl Harbor didn’t land on their intended targets. Falling a number of feet from buildings, equipment and vehicles, they left large craters in the ground, leaving large holes.

Only a few American aircraft took to the skies

Damaged aircraft outside a hangar at Wheeler Airfield
Photo Credit: CORBIS / Getty Images

Damaged aircraft at Wheeler Airfield following the attack. The location was the first hit during the bombardment, in an attempt to prevent American aircraft from taking to the air and launching a counterattack against the Japanese. While the majority were destroyed, 12 pilots did start up their Curtiss P-36 Hawks and P-40 Warhawks and engaged the enemy in fierce dogfights.

The USS California (BB-44) suffered severe damage

Close-up of a bomb hole on the deck of the USS California (BB-44)
Photo Credit: Salvage Photographs, December 1941-1946 / Department of the Navy / Fourteenth Naval District / Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard / Fleet Salvage Unit / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

Many of the bombs dropped on the USS California (BB-44) during the attack on Pearl Harbor broke through the battleship’s upper deck, leaving large holes. This photo was taken in 1942, during the US Navy’s salvage operation for the vessels that sunk and/or were heavily damaged during the bombardment.

Over 2,300 American servicemen lost their lives

US military personnel standing along a mass grave for those killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: CORBIS / Getty Images

Military personnel paying their respects to some of the servicemen killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor – as aforementioned, 2,335 perished. The caskets are draped in the American flag, as is tradition for military funerals.

The USS Arizona (BB-39) suffered the most casualties

USS Arizona (BB-39) half-sunken in the water
Photo Credit: Salvage Photographs, December 1941-1946 / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

The USS Arizona (BB-39) was one of the battleships to suffer extensive damage. Records show that 1,177 of the vessel’s crewmen perished during the attack on Pearl Harbor, accounting for nearly half of the 2,400 total deaths from that day. This photo features a close-up of the top of Arizona‘s turret, as well as her conning tower and foremost structure.

Taking in the damage

Dan Pires looking out a window at Punahou School
Photo Credit: John Titchen / Three Lions / Getty Images

Photo of Dan Pires, the caretaker of Punahou School in Honolulu, examining the damage caused by anti-aircraft fire during the attack. Large chunks of the brick exterior were taken out by the shrapnel.

Hospitals weren’t spared

Remains of the Naval Hospital at Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Cases / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

Remains of the Naval Hospital on Ford Island following the attack on Pearl Harbor. This was one of the many buildings struck by Japanese aerial bombs during the air and naval assault.

Signing the declaration of war

Franklin D. Roosevelt signing a declaration of war at his desk
Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US had remained neutral in the war, albeit supplying the Allies in Europe with equipment and vehicles. Immediately following the bombardment, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a declaration of war against Japan, officially bringing America into the conflict.

The USS Oklahoma (BB-37) was almost unrecognizable

Wreck of the USS Oklahoma (BB-37) sticking out of the water
Photo Credit: Salvage Photographs, December 1941-1946 / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

The USS Oklahoma (BB-37) suffered multiple hits from Japanese-manned torpedo bombers, resulting in the deaths of 429 crew members. While some survivors were able to jump into the water to escape, others had to wait to be drilled out of the battleship by rescue crews.

Warnings left unheeded

Joseph L. Lockard leaning over a radio
Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

Pvt. Joseph L. Lockard with his radio. The 19-year-old soldier from Williamsport, Pennsylvania was one of two manning the radar station in Oahu when the Japanese launched the first wave of their attack on Pearl Harbor. He informed his superior, who failed to heed his warning, saying the blips on the screen were likely Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses arriving from California.

Speaking about this later in life, Lockard shared he wasn’t angry about his warning being ignored. “If anything, it made me sad,” he said.

‘THIS IS NO DRILL’

Radiogram announcing the attack on Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: US Navy, CINCPAC / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Radiogram announcing the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Issued by the Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet Headquarters (CINPAC), it reads, “AIRRAID ON PEARLHARBOR X THIS IS NO DRILL.”

The USS Nevada (BB-36) was ‘the only bright spot’

USS Nevada (BB-36) ablaze at sea
Photo Credit: CORBIS / Getty Images

Despite the USS Nevada (BB-36) suffering enough damage to be set aflame (one torpedo and six bomb strikes), she was the only vessel to get underway and try to escape from Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Dubbed “the only bright spot in an otherwise dismal and depressing morning,” she was later repaired and served as a convoy escort throughout the Second World War.

Structural damage was extensive throughout Pearl Harbor

Barracks ablaze on Ford Island
Photo Credit: Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Cases / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

Soldiers’ barracks ablaze on Ford Island following the Japanese attack. Along with the ships anchored at Pearl Harbor’s Battleship Row, a number of structures and American aircraft were targeted in the enemy bombardment.

Cleaning up the naval base was a huge undertaking

Crane lifting a damaged aircraft
Photo Credit: CORBIS / Getty Images

Damaged aircraft being lifted into the sky following the attack on Pearl Harbor. This was one of the many aircraft stationed at the naval base when the Japanese launched their assault.

Oil covered the water surrounding Pearl Harbor

Smoke billowing from oil burning on top of the water
Photo Credit: Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Cases / US National Archives Catalog / Unrestricted Use

Smoke billowing from oil burning on top of the water around Ford Island. Oil continuously seeped into the ocean from the damaged battleships and was set ablaze by the burning vessels and aerial bombings.

Hickam Field was one of the primary targets

Two US Navy personnel sitting on the remains of a damaged aircraft at Hickam Field
Photo Credit: Hulton Archive / Getty Images

US military personnel sitting on the remains of one of the many aircraft that were destroyed during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Hickam Field was one of the first targets of the bombardment, to prevent a counterattack from the air.

Congress votes to declare war against Japan

Franklin D. Roosevelt addressing the US House of Representatives
Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressing the US House of Representatives during a vote on whether to declare war against Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The members of the House voted 388-1 in favor of going to war, while the Senate unanimously supported the declaration.

The USS Helena (CL-50) went on to serve in the Pacific Theater

Close-up of the damage caused to the USS Helena (CL-50) during the attack on Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

The USS Helena (CL-50), a Brooklyn-class light cruiser, suffered extensive damage during the attack. Struck by a torpedo, she underwent significant repairs, which allowed the vessel to return to service in early 1942. She subsequently participated in a number of engagements, including the Guadalcanal Campaign, before being sunk by the Japanese during the Battle of Kula Gulf on July 6, 1943.

Burying enemy combatants

US military personnel standing beside the grave of a Japanese pilot killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images

US military personnel standing before the grave of a Japanese pilot who was killed during the attack. As with American servicemen who lost their lives on Ford Island, the enemy combatant was buried on the beach at Pearl Harbor.

V-J Day marks the official Japanese surrender

Fireworks being set along the coast of Pearl Harbor
Photo Credit: CORBIS / Getty Images

More from us: 22 Images That Show the Many Faces of World War II

Celebrations at Pearl Harbor on V-J Day – August 15, 1945. The Japanese surrender marked the end of the Second World War, and celebrations continued for weeks after, with Americans happy the conflict was finally over.

Clare Fitzgerald

Clare Fitzgerald is a Writer and Editor with eight years of experience in the online content sphere. Graduating with a Bachelor of Arts from King’s University College at Western University, her portfolio includes coverage of digital media, current affairs, history and true crime.

Among her accomplishments are being the Founder of the true crime blog, Stories of the Unsolved, which garners between 400,000 and 500,000 views annually, and a contributor for John Lordan’s Seriously Mysterious podcast. Prior to its hiatus, she also served as the Head of Content for UK YouTube publication, TenEighty Magazine.

In her spare time, Clare likes to play Pokemon GO and re-watch Heartland over and over (and over) again. She’ll also rave about her three Maltese dogs whenever she gets the chance.

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