Where Did The Term ‘Tommies’ For British WWI Soldiers Come From?

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The nickname “Tommies” is most famously linked to British soldiers from World War I. But where did this nickname come from, and how did it develop? Historians debate its origins and also wonder whether a soldier by the name of Tommy Atkins ever truly existed.

Paying respects to British war veterans

British soldiers on their way to the front, October 1939. (Photo Credit: Fox Photos / Getty Images)

“Tommy” is slang for a soldier who served in the British Army. While the term’s origins are disputed, it was often associated with 19th-century soldiers and those who served in World War I. It’s during the latter period that the name saw its most frequent use. Over time, however, it’s fallen out of the common vernacular, and is now used as a way to show admiration and respect for those who fought in the Great War.

Legend states that, in the trenches, enemy troops would call out for Tommy across No Man’s Land, looking to speak with a British soldier.

The nickname also cycled through pop culture in a poem by Rudyard Kipling, as part of his book, Barrack-Room Ballads. In the poem, aptly titled Tommy, Kipling brought to the public’s attention the treatment of veterans in and out of wartime, and showed them how starkly different that treatment could be.

Tommy Atkins

British soldiers having a scratch meal during the Second Boer War, 1901. (Photo Credit: Topical Press Agency / Getty Images)

The debate as to why and when British soldiers began being called “Tommy” has been ongoing. The Imperial War Museums found what seems to be the oldest written record of the name Tommy Atkins, in a letter dating back to 1743.

At the time, Jamaica was under British rule, and the red coats worn by the British had already earned them another nickname, “Thomas Lobsters.” The letter calling the soldiers “Tommy Atkins” was sent to the British War Office, to report a mutiny among mercenaries.

It read, “Except for those from N. America (mostly Irish papists) ye Marines and Tommy Atkins behaved splendidly.”

Did Thomas Atkins fight during the Flanders Campaign?

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. (Photo Credit: Universal History Archive / Getty Images)

One of the more popular theories behind how Tommies got their nickname comes from Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Wellesley wouldn’t coin the nickname for British soldiers until later in life, but one serviceman, in particular, stuck with him long enough to inspire the term when the time came

In 1794, Wellesley commanded the 33rd Regiment of Foot in the bloody hand-to-hand combat of the Battle of Boxtel. Following the fierce engagement, he walked through the battlefield and noticed the best man at arms, Pvt. Thomas Atkins, laying horribly wounded. When he approached, the soldier looked up at Wellesley and said, “It’s all right, sir, all in a day’s work.”

He died shortly after.

This apparently resonated with Wellesley. He mentioned the soldier’s name in 1843, when he supposedly suggested it become the moniker for a brave British serviceman.

Tommies littered the pages of infantry paperwork

British soldiers around a destroyed cottage, 1918. (Photo Credit: National Library of Scotland / Wikimedia Commons / No Known Copyright Restrictions)

A theory that challenges the one attributed to Wellesley traces back to 1815. During that period, the British War Office sought a name that could function as both a generic term and a placeholder on sample infantry documents. After some consideration, “Tommy Atkins” was selected.

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When a recruit was unable to sign their name on their enlistment papers, they would mark the page and use “Tommy Atkins” as a substitute. To illustrate the correct way to complete the form, this name was included in every sample entry in the Soldiers Account Book.

This theory has become the most widely accepted explanation among scholars for how British soldiers came to be known as Tommies.

Another ‘Tommy Atkins’ was famed for his bravery

British soldier with the 51st Division during the German offensive in Lys, April 1918. (Photo Credit: John Warwick Brooke / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain)

Whether or not their real names were Tommy Atkins, there were quite a few throughout history who earned notoriety for their bravery. One such case was a soldier involved in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The alleged Tommy Atkins was serving with the 32nd Regiment of Foot when the mutiny broke out. Committed to serving his country, he remained at his post, despite pleas from his comrades to accompany them in their retreat to the British Residency. He subsequently became overwhelmed by the attacking force and was killed.

This account wasn’t recorded until 1900, when British Army chaplain Rev. E.J. Hardy wrote about the rebellion. He explained that, “His name happened to be Tommy Atkins and so, throughout the Mutiny Campaign, when a daring deed was done, the doer was said to be ‘a regular Tommy Atkins.”

The time of Tommies has come to an end

World War I veteran Harry Patch, October 2007. (Photo Credit: Matt Cardy / Getty Images)

As popular as Tommies were, the nickname has largely fallen out of use. Harry Patch became known as the “Last Tommy,” as he was the final surviving British trench combat soldier to have fought in WWI. He lived to the age of 111, and died in 2009. Now, only the private soldiers of British Army’s Parachute Regiment have a nickname that resembles the moniker: “Toms.”

The term has since found its way into other parts of the British Army. The Tommy Cooker was a portable, alcohol-fueled stove issued to British troops throughout the Great War. It was praised for its fuel source, which produced no visible smoke. However, it had a reputation for being unable to effectively heat food or water.

The term “Tommy Cooker” was even passed along, becoming a derogatory word used by German tankers for the American-built M4 Sherman, which was also operated by the British. The tank was problematic in that it often exploded into flames the moment it was hit by shells. Poor stowage was at fault, with ammunition being thrown on the floor for quick access.

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Even the British troops adopted the mockery, nicknaming the M4 Shermans “Ronsons,” after the lighter company of the same name, whose slogan was “light first time – every time!”

Samantha Franco: Samantha Franco is a Freelance Content Writer who received her Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Guelph, and her Master of Arts degree in history from the University of Western Ontario. Her research focused on Victorian, medical, and epidemiological history with a focus on childhood diseases. Stepping away from her academic career, Samantha previously worked as a Heritage Researcher and now writes content for multiple sites covering an array of historical topics. In her spare time, Samantha enjoys reading, knitting, and hanging out with her dog, Chowder!
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