At the start of World War I in 1914, it became immediately clear that advanced weaponry was essential for surviving the harsh realities of trench warfare, fortified defenses, and relentless machine gun fire on the frontlines. In response, the French Army introduced the 37 mm M1916. Initially celebrated as an innovative advantage on the Western Front, its effectiveness slowly declined, and by the middle of World War II, it was nearly outdated.
Developing a potent infantry weapon
The 37 mm M1916, formally known as the Canon d’Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP, was introduced by the French Army in 1915 to aid infantry by disrupting enemy movements and removing obstacles. Its main purpose was to target enemy fortifications, like barbed wire and machine gun positions.
Manufacturing was handled by the Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX), with 4,000 units manufactured.
Originally intended for ground combat, the weapon was also tested for possible aerial applications. Trials included mounting it on the British Beardmore W.B.V., a single-engine shipborne biplane fighter prototype, and the French Salmson-Moineau S.M.1 A3, a three-seat biplane designed for long-range reconnaissance. However, the idea of using it in aviation was soon abandoned due to safety issues and the difficulties of adapting it for aircraft operations.
37 mm M1916 specs
The 37 mm M1916 was a gun and recoil mechanism weighing 104 pounds, mounted on an 84-pound carriage. When equipped with wheels, it could be dismantled and transported by four soldiers, with two serving as the gun crew, assuming the roles of aimer and loader.
This infantry weapon was designed to fire the smallest caliber permitted for explosive shells under the 1899 Hague Convention. It utilized the 37 x 94 mm Obus explosif Mle1916 high-explosive (HE) round, which had a 1.22-pound projectile and a bursting charge of 0.66 pounds. Through its rotating breech-block and hydraulic recoil absorption system, the 37 mm M1916 could achieve a firing rate of 25 to 35 rounds per minute, with a minimum range of 1,500 meters and a maximum range of 2,400 meters.
Also used by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), the US version was equipped with an ammunition limber. It fired the Mk II HE shell, which had a 1.5-pound projectile and a 0.59-pound TNT bursting charge.
Use on the frontlines during World War I
Over the course of its service history, the 37 mm M1916 was used by forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Philippines, Belgium, France, Poland, Italy and North Vietnam, the latter of which equipping it during the First Indochina War. However, the weapon saw much of its action on the Western Front during the First World War.
In May 1918, the French deployed the Renault FT-17 to the frontlines. The world’s first modern tank, it could travel at 5 MPH while providing much-needed mobile fire support for troops fighting the Germans during the war’s final Allied offensive. Around half of the FT-17s that saw action were equipped with the 37 mm M1916, while the other 50 percent saw their firepower come from 8 mm Hotchkiss M1914 machine guns.
French ace René Fonck’s aircraft was equipped with a 37 mm M1916
It’s also noted that famed French fighter ace René Fonck‘s SPAD S.XII was equipped with a 37 mm M1916. The pilot, known as the “all-time Allied Ace of Aces” and the top Entente fighter ace of World War I, is credited with 75 confirmed victories – 72 solo and three shared – with a total of 142 claimed.
The 37 mm M1916 saw extensive use with the AEF fighting in Europe. Outside of the country’s infantry, it was also equipped by the country’s license-built near-copy of the FT-17. However, the tanks were completed too late to enter service during the war and, as such, none saw action.
Issues with the 37 mm M1916 on the Western Front
Originally designed for use on the Western Front, the 37 mm M1916 ultimately presented more challenges than benefits. Weighing 104 pounds, it was difficult to maneuver across the muddy stretches of No Man’s Land, and its bulky frame made it unwieldy in the tight confines of the trenches that marked the frontlines. Additionally, its weight hindered operators from keeping up with the rapid pace demanded by the fluid nature of warfare.
To complicate matters further, the 37 mm M1916 fell short in its main role of disabling enemy machine gun positions. Mortars, being lighter and more efficient, soon proved to be a superior option.
Superseded by more effective weapons during World War II
During the interwar period, the US Army created infantry regiments with howitzer companies, which were armed with a host of support weapons, including the 37 mm M1916. However, only the National Guard could afford to maintain them, with the Army having to settle for platoons, which trained using a cost-effective .22-caliber sub-caliber device. These units were disbanded in 1941 and replaced by anti-tank platoons, with the majority of the 37 mm M1916s either being scrapped or placed in storage.
When the US joined the Second World War following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 37 mm M1916 had largely been replaced by the more effective 37 mm gun M3, the first anti-tank gun fielded by the country’s forces in numbers. The Americans fighting in the Philippines Campaign in 1941-42 did occasionally man the WWI-era weapon, but only because they were running low on available M3s.
The French Army was still equipped with the 37 mm M1916 at the start of the conflict, but, by 1940, it had been replaced by the 25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun. Similar to the US forces, they occasionally had to return to the bulkier canon when the latter was in short supply. When the Germans occupied the country following the Battle of France, they captured a number of 37 mm M1916s, which they operated under the designation 3.7 cm IG 152(f).
Type 11 37 mm infantry support gun
Following WWI, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) purchased a production license to manufacture their own variant of the 37 mm M1916. Dubbed the Type 11, it provided infantry support for troops fighting in the Second Sino-Japanese War and WWII.
Production of the Type 11 occurred between 1922-37, with the weapon itself being equipped from 1922-45. It required a crew of 10 to operate – four gunners and six support personnel – and fired both the powerful Type 12 HE and a rather ineffective anti-tank shell. Along with being carried onto the front by soldiers for use against enemy machine gun positions, the Type 11 was equipped by the Japanese Renault NC27 and Type 89 I-Go medium tanks.
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During the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Type 11 was considered an effective infantry weapon against enemy pillboxes, lightly-armored vehicles and machine gun nests. However, it failed to hold the same prestige during the Second World War, due to its low muzzle velocity and rate of fire, and it was largely replaced by the Type 94 37 mm anti-tank gun. Only reserve units found themselves equipped with the Type 11.