On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the deaths of 1,177 sailors and crew members aboard the USS Arizona (BB-39). Although this was a devastating loss for the U.S. Navy, the battleship was stationed at Ford Island and not engaged in combat at the time. The highest number of American casualties at sea from enemy action during World War II occurred when the Luftwaffe sank the HMT Rohna, a vessel operated by the British India Steam Navigation Company, in the Mediterranean.
Construction of the HMT Rohna
Construction of the HMT Rohna began in 1925 when the British India Steam Navigation Company ordered two new ships for its Madras-Nagapatam-Singapore route. Built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company at their Hebburn shipyard on the River Tyne, the Rohna was launched in August 1926 and completed a few months later.
Originally designed for civilian use, the vessel had a capacity for 5,064 deck passengers, though later regulations reduced that total to just 3,851. Despite the reduced capacity, Rohna remained the largest passenger ship registered in the United Kingdom. Therefore, it was not surprising that she was requisitioned as a troop transport during the Second World War.
Service during the early days of World War II
The HMT Rohna was sailing the Indian Ocean when the UK entered World War II. Largely operating unescorted and occasionally traveling as part of convoys, she ferried thousands of troops to different areas, including through the Suez Canal and between Bombay, Marseille, Durban, Mombasa and Dar es Salaam.
Rohna was involved in several important campaigns early on in the Second World War. She ferried troops throughout the North African Campaign, as well as during the invasion of Sicily, which ended in an Allied victory and resulted in the collapse of Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini‘s regime. Lastly, the vessel ferried troops during the Allied invasion of Italy.
The HMT Rohna transported a number of American soldiers
In November 1943, the HMT Rohna set sail carrying 1,981 American soldiers destined for India. The ship’s crew, predominantly Indian sailors, operated under the leadership of British and Australian officers.
The soldiers on board, mainly from the 853rd Engineer Battalion, Aviation; the 322nd Fighter Control Squadron; the 31st Signal Construction Battalion; and the 44th Portable Surgical Hospital Unit, had been assigned to build bases in India to support the operations of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.
Eighteen of these soldiers were designated to operate the Rohna‘s Oerlikon autocannons and a QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun to defend against potential enemy attacks.
Sinking of the HMT Rohna
On the morning of November 25, 1943, the HMT Rohna and four other troop ships departed Oran, in French Algeria. The next day, the convoy came under siege by a group of Heinkel He 177A Greifs, Junkers Ju 88s and torpedo bombers. While the convoy was defended by Free French Air Force Supermarine Spitfires, there were only four up against over 20 Luftwaffe-flown aircraft.
The He 177As were armed with Henschel Hs 293 radio-guided glide bombs, which they dropped on the ships below. The majority were unsuccessful in hitting their targets, as the way they were released made it difficult to accurately hit. The convoy fought back with their anti-aircraft guns.
Around an hour in, Rohna was struck by a bomb on her port side, becoming the only casualty of the skirmish. Many onboard were injured or killed, while several escaped and boarded lifeboats. In total, 1,138 were killed, of which 1,015 were American, and 782 reached the lifeboats. They were later rescued by the cargo ship Clan Campbell and the Auk-class minesweeper USS Pioneer (AM-105), who themselves were protected by the Hunt-class destroyer HMS Atherstone (L05).
Legacy of the sinking
Along with the 1,015 US personnel who died during the attack, another 35 later succumbed to their injuries, making the sinking of the HMT Rohna the largest loss of American life at sea due to enemy action in a single incident during WWII. The US government wasn’t transparent about what had happened. In January 1944, the families of those killed received a telegram that revealed their loved ones were missing. They received a follow-up a few months later, which said that those missing had been killed.
In February 1944, officials revealed to the press that there had been an incident that caused the deaths of over 1,000 American soldiers, but held back the total casualty numbers and the name of the ship until June 1945. While they admitted Rohna had been sunk by German bombers, they kept back details regarding the radio-guided glide bombs until the Freedom of Information Act was passed in 1967.
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The reason behind the subterfuge? American officials didn’t want the German forces to know the explosives were effective. Since Rohna‘s sinking, a number of memorials have been dedicated to the men who lost their lives. They’re located in London, UK; Bronx, New York City, New York; Seale, Alabama; Chittagong, Bangladesh; and Mumbai, India.
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